Acquisition of Turkish Citizenship: Birth an Later Acquisition
The acquisition of Turkish citizenship can take place either at birth or through later acquisition, depending on various factors such as descent, residency, marriage, or investment. This comprehensive guide covers both methods, explaining the key criteria, requirements, and procedures for obtaining Turkish citizenship. Whether you are looking to acquire citizenship by birth or through later acquisition, understanding these pathways will help you navigate the process with confidence and clarity.
Methods for Acquisition of Turkish Citizenship
Turkish citizenship can be acquired either at birth or through later acquisition, depending on the individual’s circumstances. Below is a comprehensive guide to understanding the requirements, criteria, and procedures for both methods.
1. Citizenship by Birth in Turkey
Turkey does not grant citizenship based on the place of birth. Instead, citizenship is determined by descent. If a person’s parent(s) are Turkish citizens, the individual automatically becomes a Turkish citizen at birth.
Key Criteria for Citizenship at Birth:
- Descent-Based Citizenship: A child is considered a Turkish citizen at birth if either one or both parents are Turkish citizens, regardless of the child’s birthplace.
- Automatic Citizenship: Children born to Turkish citizens abroad are automatically granted Turkish citizenship.
- Late Registration: Adults whose parents are Turkish citizens but were not registered with the Turkish civil registry before the age of 18 may still apply for the acquisition of Turkish citizenship after an examination by the Ministry of Interior.
2. Citizenship by Later Acquisition in Turkey
Foreign nationals can acquire Turkish citizenship later in life through various pathways. The eligibility requirements must be met, although the final decision is at the discretion of Turkish authorities.
a) Residency-Based Citizenship
Foreign nationals can apply for Turkish citizenship after meeting these criteria:
- Minimum Residency Requirement: Reside in Turkey for at least 5 consecutive years with a valid residence permit or stateless person identity document.
- Good Moral Character: Applicants must demonstrate respect for Turkish laws and societal norms.
- Turkish Language Proficiency: Applicants need to show fluency in the Turkish language.
- Health Requirements: Applicants must not suffer from any disease that could pose a public health risk.
b) Citizenship Through Marriage
Foreign nationals married to a Turkish citizen can apply for citizenship if the following conditions are met:
- Minimum Marriage Duration: The marriage must have lasted at least 3 years.
- Ongoing Marriage: The marriage must still be intact, and the family unity must be preserved.
- Posthumous Spouse Consideration: If the Turkish spouse dies after the citizenship application is filed, the applicant can still be granted citizenship without the requirement of family unity.
c) Exceptional Citizenship
Certain foreign nationals may be granted Turkish citizenship by exception, based on their economic contributions or strategic importance to Turkey. This includes:
3. Investment-Based Exceptional Citizenship
Foreign investors who make significant financial contributions to Turkey can qualify for exceptional citizenship. Here are the key criteria for obtaining Turkish citizenship through investment:
1. Fixed Capital Investment:
Foreigners can acquire Turkish citizenship by investing at least USD 500,000 in a Turkish business, confirmed by the Ministry of Industry and Technology.
2. Real Estate Purchase:
Foreigners who purchase real estate worth at least USD 250,000 (or sign a notarized sale contract with a refusal of sale annotation for at least three years) may qualify for citizenship, confirmed by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.
3. Job Creation:
Foreign investors who create employment for at least 50 people in Turkey may be eligible for citizenship, with confirmation from the Ministry of Family, Labour, and Social Services.
4. Bank Deposit:
Foreign nationals who deposit at least USD 500,000 (or equivalent in Turkish Lira) in a Turkish bank, with a commitment to maintain the deposit for at least three years, may be eligible for Turkish citizenship, confirmed by the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency.
5. Real Estate Investment Fund:
Foreigners who purchase real estate investment fund shares or venture capital fund shares worth at least USD 500,000, and hold them for three years, may qualify for citizenship, confirmed by the Capital Markets Board.
6. Government Bonds:
Foreign nationals who purchase state borrowing instruments (government bonds) worth at least USD 500,000, and hold them for at least three years, are eligible for citizenship, confirmed by the Ministry of Treasury and Finance.
Steps to Apply for Turkish Citizenship
Acquisition of Turkish citizenship offers numerous benefits, including access to a vibrant economy, strategic location, and the ability to travel freely within the European Union. Whether through birth or investment, Turkey provides various paths for foreign nationals to gain citizenship. Understanding the detailed requirements and consulting with legal experts can ensure a smooth application process.